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中國藥用植物 - 當(dāng)歸
當(dāng)歸
當(dāng)歸 Angelica sinensis
孫英寶繪
當(dāng)歸（Angelica sinensis）為傘形科當(dāng)歸屬（Angelica）植物，干燥根為常用傳統(tǒng)中藥，有濃郁的香氣，在中藥組方中用量大，素有 “十方九歸”之說。
當(dāng)歸 Angelica sinensis
當(dāng)歸的藥用歷史可上溯到約 2000 年前的東漢時(shí)代，首見于《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》，其后在歷代本草典籍中對(duì)當(dāng)歸均有記述。據(jù)南北朝時(shí)期的《本草經(jīng)集注》記載，當(dāng)歸最早出產(chǎn)于甘肅的隴西縣首陽鎮(zhèn)和武山縣落門鎮(zhèn)一帶。宋代《本草衍義》中記載四川開始栽培，至明代《本草綱目》中記載其栽培范圍已擴(kuò)大至陜西、甘肅和四川等地。目前主產(chǎn)于甘肅的岷縣、宕昌、漳縣一帶，地域特征明顯，質(zhì)量上乘，為著名道地藥材，被稱為 “岷歸” 或 “秦歸”。近十幾年由于受到氣候變化和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展等因素影響，種植區(qū)域也不斷向西發(fā)展到甘肅省臨近縣市和青海省的互助、大通和湟中等縣?？傊?，這一地域的當(dāng)歸產(chǎn)量約占全國 70% 左右。另外，產(chǎn)于四川汶川至九寨溝一帶的，被稱為 “川歸”。約在清末民國初年，當(dāng)歸被引種于云南鶴慶，并在近些年逐漸在云南東北部和西北部形成較大種植規(guī)模，稱為 “云歸”。
當(dāng)歸栽培田
盡管當(dāng)歸種植面積很大，但野生當(dāng)歸資源分布有限，目前僅在甘肅岷縣、漳縣和迭部等地發(fā)現(xiàn)少量野生居群。目前栽培當(dāng)歸已經(jīng)完全可以滿足市場需求，少量的野生居群保護(hù)應(yīng)該加以重視，避免當(dāng)歸居群的野外滅絕。
傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)認(rèn)為，當(dāng)歸具有補(bǔ)血活血，調(diào)經(jīng)止痛，潤腸通便的功效，常用于治療血虛萎黃，眩暈心悸，月經(jīng)不調(diào)，經(jīng)閉痛經(jīng)，虛寒腹痛，腸燥便秘，風(fēng)濕痹痛，跌撲損傷，癰疽瘡瘍等病癥?，F(xiàn)代藥物化學(xué)和藥理學(xué)研究表明，當(dāng)歸的化學(xué)成分主要為揮發(fā)油和水溶性成分兩大部分，包含了苯酞類化合物、當(dāng)歸多糖、有機(jī)酸及豐富的氨基酸和微量元素等多種成分，具有廣泛的藥理作用，對(duì)人體的神經(jīng)、免疫、循環(huán)、呼吸多個(gè)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生影響。
當(dāng)歸根
近年來，當(dāng)歸的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域不斷擴(kuò)大，除藥用外，保健食品、化妝品及調(diào)味品市場也不斷得到開發(fā)，出口至東南亞以及美洲的華人和亞裔社區(qū)，深受青睞。
當(dāng)歸切片
當(dāng)歸屬的藥用植物種類很多，除當(dāng)歸做藥用外，尚有白芷（A. dahurica）、獨(dú)活（A. pubescens f. biserrata）。有趣的是，受我國傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)影響，在日本和韓國的藥典中也記載有當(dāng)歸，但來源植物卻與我國不同，韓國使用的是朝鮮當(dāng)歸（A. gigas），而日本使用的則是東當(dāng)歸（A. acutiloba）。另外，在西藏和青海地區(qū)尚有藏當(dāng)歸，其來源可能為獨(dú)活屬（Heracleum）植物，在使用時(shí)應(yīng)加以區(qū)分。
Angelica sinensis
當(dāng)歸 Angelica sinensis
張桂徵繪
Angelica sinensis, known as ‘danggui’ in Chinese, is a common herb of the family Apiaceae. Its root has a heady aroma and is used heavily in prescriptions. The medical history of Angelica sinensis could date back to the East Han Dynasty according to the first record of it in Shennnong’s Classic of Materia Medica over 2000 years ago and was narrated later in materia medicas of all dynasties. The area between Shouyang, Longxi County and Luomen, Wushan County in Gansu Province is believed as the place of origin of Angelica sinensis and the regions extended to Qinghai Province, where the herb products are of superior quality called ‘Min gui’ and ‘Qin gui’ as genuine herbs. Angelica sinensis is also origin from Sichuan Province called ‘Chuan gui’ by people and is introduced to Yunnan, which is called ‘Yun gui’.
當(dāng)歸花蕾 Flower bud of Angelca sinensis 圖片有誤，敬請(qǐng)?jiān)彛ㄗ髡撸?/p>
Although there is a large-scale cultivation of Angelica sinensis to fulfil the market demand, the wild population of Angelica sinensis is restricted to a narrow area between Minxian County, Zhangxian County and Diebu County in Gansu Province so that we need to pay more attention to the conservation of Angelica sinensis to prevent it from wild extinction.
當(dāng)歸果實(shí) Angelica sinensis mericarps
As a traditional Chinese Medicine it is believed that Angelica sinensis has a efficiency of invigorating blood circulation, regulating menstruation and relieving pain, and can contribute to intestinal peristalsis. It is usually used in prescriptions to cure blood deficiency, faint and palpitation, abnormal menstruation, constipation, ulcer and pains triggered by rheumatism. Besides, Angelica sinensis can also be the ingredient of health food and the raw material of cosmetics, which are popular in Southeast Asia. Research showed that active constituents of Angelica sinensis include phthalides, Angelica polysaccharide, organic acid and abundant amino acids and trace elements.
當(dāng)歸育苗田 Cultivated field of Angelica sinensis seedling
Except for Angelica sinensis, several species in the genus Angelia can be used as herb medicine such as A. dahurica (known as ‘baizhi’ in Chinese) and A. biserrata (called ‘duhuo’ in part of China). And there are several kinds of ‘danggui’ in the materia medicas of other East Asia countries, refers to A. gigas in Korea and A. acutiloba in Japan. In addition, there is also ‘Tibet danggui’ in Tibet Plateau where some different plants such as those of the genus Heracleum are used and therefore should be used with caution.
當(dāng)歸果序 Infructescence of Angelica sinensis
專家顧問：張本剛 | 張憲春
文化顧問：張桂徵 | 張振華
植物手繪：孫英寶
攝 影：齊耀東 | 張勝邦 | 郭增祥
稿 源：齊耀東
翻 譯：張憲春
責(zé)任編輯：孔祥瑞 ｜李?yuàn)檴?nbsp; | 楚雅南
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