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【青華海生物多樣性之美】灰斑鸻：能一口氣飛3000公里的全球旅行家
保山青華海國家濕地公園管理中心,保山市科學(xué)技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì),聯(lián)合推出
第2期The Second Phase
脊椎動(dòng)物.灰斑鸻Pluvialis squatarola
脊椎動(dòng)物，鳥綱，鸻形目，鸻科。全球廣布，在中國所有省份均有分布?；野啕a繁殖于北極高緯度地區(qū)的潮濕苔原地帶，遷徙經(jīng)過中國東部的大部分地區(qū)，越冬于江蘇以南的沿海，在遷徙季節(jié)會(huì)途徑內(nèi)陸。圖片攝于云南保山青華海國家濕地公園。
灰斑鸻屬于鸻鷸類。鸻鷸是全球遷徙鳥類的典型代表。每年遷徙季節(jié)到來的時(shí)候，沿著東亞-澳大利西亞國際候鳥遷徙路線遷徙的鸻鷸，有很多都會(huì)在我國東部沿海停留，補(bǔ)充食物。東部沿海是鸻鷸遷徙的能量補(bǔ)給中轉(zhuǎn)站，對(duì)于國際候鳥保護(hù)意義重大?；野啕a受到中國和日本以及中國和澳大利亞政府保護(hù)候鳥及棲息環(huán)境協(xié)定的保護(hù)（備注：這兩個(gè)協(xié)議旨在減少對(duì)兩國間候鳥所到之主要地區(qū)的傷害，簽約國須禁止捕捉候鳥及其鳥蛋）。
在保山，幸運(yùn)的話，可以在遷徙季節(jié)見到灰斑鸻。鳥如其名，非繁殖期的灰斑鸻上體灰褐色，密布白色斑點(diǎn)，下體白色，配色優(yōu)雅。繁殖期的灰斑鸻臉和腹部都是黑色的。怎樣才能快速認(rèn)出這位朋友呢，最容易的識(shí)別特征就是它們飛起來的時(shí)候能夠看到明顯的黑色腋窩。它是鸻形目中的大個(gè)子，體態(tài)粗壯，稍顯駝背，與相似的金斑鸻相比站姿不夠挺拔。
灰斑鸻主要棲息于沿海灘涂、河口、潮間帶，遷徙季節(jié)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在內(nèi)陸濕地。它們覓食的時(shí)候會(huì)保持不動(dòng)先觀察一會(huì)兒，再奔跑出去捉取獵物。繁殖的時(shí)候它們主要吃昆蟲，越冬的時(shí)候主要吃軟體動(dòng)物、沙蠶和蝦蟹等。它們的喙厚重結(jié)實(shí)，強(qiáng)而有力，可以把喙插入泥土中，然后把里面的沙蟲扯出來。另外，它們眼睛大視力好，夜間也能在月光下覓食。
灰斑鸻是海鳥中飛行速度最快、最有力的鳥之一，能在強(qiáng)風(fēng)中輕松飛行，這有利于它進(jìn)行長途遷徙。研究表明，它們能夠連續(xù)飛行3000公里（差不多是保山到北京的距離）。想象一下，這得耗費(fèi)多大的體力啊。雖然灰斑鸻繁殖范圍很窄，但是它們?cè)蕉秶軓V，主要沿著海岸遷徙，有時(shí)候還挺羨慕它們可以全球旅行呢。
候鳥遷徙是個(gè)艱辛的過程，希望所有候鳥都能安全抵達(dá)它們的家。
The Second Phase
Grey Plover ( Pluvialis squatarola )
Vertebrates, Aves, Charadriiformes, Charadriidae. It is widely distributed all over the world and in all provinces of China. The Grey Plover breeds in the wet tundra at the high latitudes of Arctic, migrates through most area of Eastern China, and overwinters in the coastal areas of south Jiangsu, passing inland during the migration season. The photo is taken in The Qinghuahai National Wetland Park in Baoshan city, Yunnan proince.
The Grey Plover belongs to the shorebirds. Shorebirds are a typical example of migrating birds around the world. During the annual migration season, many shorebirds that migrate along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway will stay on the eastern coast of China to replenish their food. The eastern coast of China is their energy transit station, which is of great significance to the international migratory birds protection. The Grey Plover is protected by Agreement between China and Japan on the Protection of Migratory Birds and their Habitats and Agreement between China and Australia on the Protection of Migratory Birds and their Habitats.( Notes: these two agreements aim to reduce damage to major areas visited by migratory birds between the two countries, which must ban the capture of migratory birds and their eggs).
In Baoshan city, if you're lucky, the Grey Plover can be seen during the migration season. As its name suggests, the non-breeding Grey Plover has a grey-brown upper body with white spots dotted, and a white lower body with an elegant color match. The Grey Plovers of breeding season are black in face and abdomen. How to recognize this friend quickly, the easiest distinguishing feature is that when they fly, you can see a conspicuous black armpit. It’s stout and larger than most other plovers and stand with hunched rather than upright posture compared with the similar Pacific Golden Plover.
The Grey Plover mainly inhabits coastal beaches, estuaries and intertidal zones, and also appears in inland wetlands during migration season. While foraging, they keep still to observe for a while, and then run out to catch their prey. When breeding, they mainly eat insects and when overwintering, mainly eat mollusks, ragworms, shrimp and crabs. Their beaks are so thick and strong that they can stick them into the sand and pull the ragworms out. In addition, their big eyes and good eyesight make them can foraging at night.
The Grey Plover is one of the fastest and most powerful seabirds, and they are able to fly easily in strong winds, which makes it easier for long migrations. Studies have shown that they can fly continuously for 3,000 kilometers (It's almost as far as Baoshan to Beijing). How much energy it would take! Although Grey Plover have a narrow breeding range, but they have a wide wintering range and they mainly migrate along the coast, sometimes it makes people envy that they can travel globally.
Bird migration is a difficult process. We hope that all the birds can reach their homes safely.
文字整理：黃木嬌
海報(bào)設(shè)計(jì)：黃木嬌
英文翻譯：何雪、黃木嬌
Text: Mujiao Huang
Poster design: Mujiao Huang
English translation: He Xue, Mujiao Huang
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