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保山青華海國(guó)家濕地公園管理中心

保山市科學(xué)技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)

聯(lián)合推出

第5期

The 5th Phase

脊椎動(dòng)物.灰鶴Grus grus

脊椎動(dòng)物，鳥綱，鶴形目，鶴科。我國(guó)II級(jí)重點(diǎn)保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物，主要分布在歐亞大陸，是典型的遷徙鳥類。每年10月，灰鶴從繁殖地開始遷徙，去往越冬地，并于次年3月返回繁殖地。在云南為冬候鳥或遷徙過境鳥。我國(guó)是鶴類種數(shù)最多的國(guó)家，全世界有15種鶴，而我國(guó)有9種。圖片攝于云南保山青華海國(guó)家濕地公園。

灰鶴身材高挑，身高能達(dá)1.2米左右，喙長(zhǎng)、頸長(zhǎng)、腿長(zhǎng)，是典型的“涉禽”。鳥如其名，全身的羽毛大部分為灰色。成年灰鶴具有黑白分明的頭部，頭頂黑色，中心紅色（和親戚丹頂鶴一樣也有個(gè)小“丹頂”，這不是羽毛，而是充盈的血管在裸露的皮膚下呈現(xiàn)出來的紅色，相當(dāng)于有點(diǎn)“禿頂”），前頸黑色，自眼后有一道寬的白色條紋伸至頸背。站立時(shí)，能看到它們的“尾部”羽毛又大又長(zhǎng)，像鴕鳥一樣，這其實(shí)是灰鶴的三級(jí)飛羽?；寅Q雌雄差別不大，但成鳥和幼鳥形態(tài)差異顯著，幼鳥的頭部和頸部都是灰色的。

灰鶴的英文名為common crane，直譯成中文為“普通鶴”，之所以普通，大概是因?yàn)樗鼈兎植紡V，較為常見。在世界范圍內(nèi)，灰鶴分布地包括了歐洲、亞洲和非洲。在我國(guó)，灰鶴分布于各省區(qū)，夏季主要在新疆、黑龍江、內(nèi)蒙古等中高緯度地區(qū)繁殖，冬季則南遷至華中、華北、西南等地區(qū)越冬，越冬地十分廣闊。在云南發(fā)現(xiàn)的灰鶴是從哪里來的呢？大概遷徙路線是從俄羅斯的西西伯利亞，經(jīng)過新疆、甘肅、四川進(jìn)入云南，部分留在云南越冬，另一部分稍作整頓之后，再往南進(jìn)入緬甸和印度等地越冬。灰鶴能夠適應(yīng)多種環(huán)境而且生命力頑強(qiáng)，是目前世界上15種鶴中數(shù)量最大、分布最廣的物種，全球種群數(shù)量在50萬(wàn)只左右。

灰鶴的越冬地通常會(huì)選擇在開闊的平原、草地、沼澤、河灘、湖泊及農(nóng)田地帶。主要以植物的根、莖、葉、種子為食，喜歡吃豆類、玉米、馬鈴薯和冬小麥等作物以及濕地植物的種子或植株，偶爾也吃螺、魚、蝦等動(dòng)物?；寅Q多集群越冬，覓食、警戒、休息、理羽是它們最主要的活動(dòng)。無(wú)論在夜間還是白天，灰鶴群中都有“值班警衛(wèi)鶴”及時(shí)報(bào)警，這樣能夠減少個(gè)體警戒的時(shí)間，能夠有更多的時(shí)間花在覓食和補(bǔ)充能量上。

灰鶴喜歡集大群遷徙，遷徙的時(shí)候飛得很高，常常排列成“人”字形。身體保持水平，頭、頸和細(xì)長(zhǎng)的腿都伸得筆直，姿勢(shì)從容優(yōu)雅，振翅和滑翔過程十分緩慢而富有震撼力?；寅Q在飛行中常常發(fā)出深沉而嘹亮的叫聲（類似于“karr”），起到聯(lián)絡(luò)呼叫的作用。《詩(shī)經(jīng).小雅.鶴鳴》就有“鶴鳴于九皋，聲聞?dòng)谝?rdquo;之句。今年11月初，多個(gè)灰鶴群從保山上空經(jīng)過，起碼有2次分別是200多個(gè)的灰鶴大群，其中11月2日中午經(jīng)過青華海東湖上空的200多只灰鶴，據(jù)說當(dāng)天下午就到達(dá)了德宏，可能要飛往更南的地方越冬，很多市民都看到了這個(gè)壯觀的場(chǎng)景。

鶴類對(duì)棲息環(huán)境要求較高，種群很容易受到威脅，需要加強(qiáng)保護(hù)。“清響徹云霄，萬(wàn)籟悉以屏”，愿年年能聽到遷徙的鶴鳴，不只為天空那美麗的風(fēng)景，也為了維護(hù)地球脆弱的生態(tài)平衡。

The 5th Phase

Common Crane（Grus grus）

Vertebrates, Aves, Gruiformes, Gruidae, is one of the ClassⅡnational key protected wild bird which mainly distributed in Eurasia, and is a typical migratory bird. Every October, Common Crane start their migration from their breeding places to the wintering habitat, then return back next March. In Yunnan province, they are winter residents or migratory birds. China is the richest in variety of crane species. There are 15 kinds of cranes in the world, while there are 9 kinds in our country. The photo is taken in The Qinghuahai National Wetland Park in Baoshan city, Yunnan proince.

Common Crane is tall, reaching a height of about 1.2 meters, with long beak, neck and legs. They are typical "waders". As the name suggests, Common Crane are mostly gray in feathers. Adults have black and white head, and the top of the head is black with a red spot in the middle (just like their relative Red-crowned Crane, this red spot is not feather, but the blood vessels under the bare skin, which appears red and like a little "bald"). The foredeck is black and there is a wide white stripes from the eyes to the nape of the neck. When standing, you can see their large and long "tail" feathers, like ostriches, which are actually the tertiaries. There is little difference between males and females, but there is a significant difference between adult birds and young. The young birds have gray heads and necks.

Why Grus grus was called Common Crane, probably because it is widely distributed and relatively common. You can see Common Crane in Europe, Asia and Africa. In China, Common Crane are distributed in all provinces and regions. In summer, they mainly breed in mid-and high-latitude areas such as Xinjiang, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia. In winter, they migrate south to central China, North China, southwest China and other regions, and their wintering areas are very broad. Where did the cranes found in Yunnan come from? Their probable migration route is from Russia's western Siberia through Xinjiang, Gansu and Sichuan into Yunnan, some remaining in Yunnan for wintering, others heading south into Myanmar and India for wintering after a short break. Common Crane are able to adapt to a variety of environments and are hardy birds. They are the largest and most widely distributed of the 15 species of cranes in the world. The global population is estimated to number 500,000 individuals.

The wintering grounds of Common Crane are usually open plains, grasslands, swamps, rivers, lakes and farmland. They mainly eat roots, stems, leaves and seeds of plants. They like to eat beans, corn, potatoes, winter wheat and other crops, as well as seeds or plants of wetland plants. Occasionally, they also eat animals such snails, fish and shrimps. Many Common Crane overwinter in clusters. Foraging, warning, resting and preening are their most important activities. The guard cranes are on duty day and night, which allows other cranes spend more time foraging.

Common Crane like to migrate in large groups. They fly very high, and often arrange in a "V" shape. They keep their body level, and straighten their head, neck and legs, which makes their posture poised and graceful. Their wing flapping and gliding was slow and impressive. In flight, the crane often emits a deep and loud call (similar to "Karr"), which serves as a liaison. The Book of Songs described similar scenes . In early November this year, several Common Crane groups pass over Baoshan city, and there are at least 2 large groups over 200 Common Cranes. A group of Common Crane was seen passing over Qinghuahai at noon in November 2. It is said that they have arrived in Dehong in the afternoon that day, and they probably fly further south to overwintering. Many citizens have seen the spectacular scenes.

Cranes have a high demand on the habitat environment, and is easily threatened, which needs strengthen the protection. We hope to see the migrating cranes every year, not only for the beautiful scenery in the sky, but also for the weak ecological balance of the earth.

攝影師介紹

Introduction of the photographer

郭康，云南省保山市隆陽(yáng)區(qū)人，生態(tài)攝影師，有5年的鳥類攝影經(jīng)驗(yàn)。保護(hù)鳥類，保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物，維護(hù)生態(tài)平衡。

GuoKang, a native of Longyang District, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, is an experienced ecological photographer about 5 years in bird photography. Protect birds, protect wild animals and keep ecological balance.

文字整理：黃木嬌

海報(bào)設(shè)計(jì)：黃木嬌

英文翻譯：何雪、黃木嬌

Text: Mujiao Huang

Poster design: Mujiao Huang

English translation: He Xue, Mujiao Huang