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【青華海生物多樣性之美】三突伊氏蛛：不結(jié)網(wǎng)的蜘蛛
保山青華海國(guó)家濕地公園管理中心
保山市科學(xué)技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)
聯(lián)合推出
第4期
The 4th Phase
節(jié)肢動(dòng)物.三突伊氏蛛Ebrechtella tricuspidata
節(jié)肢動(dòng)物，蛛形綱，蜘蛛目，蟹蛛科。三突伊氏蛛（也叫三突花蛛）廣泛分布于我國(guó)各省的農(nóng)田、果園及森林，是農(nóng)林害蟲(chóng)的重要天敵。圖片攝于云南保山青華海國(guó)家濕地公園。
很多人以為蜘蛛是昆蟲(chóng)，其實(shí)不然。昆蟲(chóng)一般分為頭、胸、腹三個(gè)部分，而蜘蛛身體分為頭胸部和腹部?jī)蓚€(gè)部分，大部分有8只眼睛，全部為單眼。眼的排列，不同種之間差異很大。昆蟲(chóng)有3對(duì)足而蜘蛛有4對(duì)足。而且蜘蛛和昆蟲(chóng)幾乎是死對(duì)頭，蜘蛛的主要食物來(lái)源就是昆蟲(chóng)（絕大多數(shù)是農(nóng)林的主要害蟲(chóng)）。
三突伊氏蛛屬于蟹蛛科的蜘蛛，這一類(lèi)蜘蛛的多數(shù)身體短寬，8只步足能夠左右伸展，可以橫行或后退，就像螃蟹那樣，所以叫蟹蛛。三突伊氏蛛是小型蜘蛛，雌蛛長(zhǎng)5毫米左右，而雄蛛則要更小一些。頭胸部通常綠色，8眼排成2行，前、后側(cè)眼顯著大于中眼，眼區(qū)黃白色，前兩對(duì)步足顯著長(zhǎng)于后兩對(duì)。腹部梨形，前窄后寬。背面黃白色，或金黃色，并有紅棕色斑紋。
蜘蛛可分為結(jié)網(wǎng)型和游獵型兩大類(lèi)。三突伊氏蛛屬于不結(jié)網(wǎng)游獵型選手，常靜靜守候在花草叢中等候， 當(dāng)獵物靠近時(shí)，就迅速跳出將食物逮住。每年3月中旬，三突伊氏蛛開(kāi)始出來(lái)活動(dòng)，上樹(shù)捕食各種野蟲(chóng)，冬天則在樹(shù)干翹皮裂縫及地面土石縫中越冬。繁殖期的時(shí)候，雌蛛會(huì)將葉子卷起來(lái)，把卵產(chǎn)在里面。產(chǎn)卵后的雌蛛在旁進(jìn)行守護(hù)，期間很少遠(yuǎn)離卵袋進(jìn)行覓食，直到幼蛛孵出。
三突伊氏蛛是稻田、棉田、果園、菜地等作物害蟲(chóng)的一種重要捕食性天敵。它能捕食蔬菜害蟲(chóng)小菜蛾、果樹(shù)害蟲(chóng)蘋(píng)果黃蚜、桃粉蚜、桃小葉蟬和山楂葉螨、棉田害蟲(chóng)棉鈴蟲(chóng)和棉蚜等。
你們見(jiàn)過(guò)不結(jié)網(wǎng)的蜘蛛嗎？
The 4th Phase
Ebrechtella tricuspidata
Arthropoda, Arachnida, Araneae, Thomisidae. Ebrechtella tricuspidata is the important natural enemies of agricultural and forestry pests and widely distributed in farmland, orchards and forests in all provinces of China. The photo is taken in The Qinghuahai National Wetland Park in Baoshan city, Yunnan proince.
Many people think spiders are insects, but they are not. Insects generally contain three parts: head, chest and abdomen, while spiders contain two parts: cephalothorax and abdomen. Most spiders have eight eyes, all of which are ocellus. The arrangement of eyes varies greatly from species to species. Insects have three pairs of feet while spiders have four. Moreover, spiders and insects are almost enemies, and the main food source for spiders is insects (most of which are major pests in agriculture and forests).
Ebrechtella tricuspidata is belong to the Thomisidae. This kind of spiders are short and wide, with eight feet stretching from side to side, which can run sideways or backward, just like crabs. It is the reason why they are called crab spiders. Ebrechtella tricuspidata are the smaller spiders, and females are about 5 millimeters long but males are smaller. Their cephalothorax are usually green, 8 eyes are arranged in 2 rows, the anterior lateral eyes and posterior lateral eyes are significantly larger than the middle eyes. The ocular area are yellow-white, and the former two pairs of feet are obviously longer than the latter two pairs. The abdomen is pear-shaped, narrow in front and broad in back. The back is yellow-white, or golden, with red brown markings.
Spiders can be divided into two groups: the web-weaving type and the hunting type. Ebrechtella tricuspidata belong to the non-net hunting type, and they often quietly waiting among the flowers and plants, then jump out quickly to catch food when the prey is approaching. In the middle of March every year, Ebrechtella tricuspidata begin to come out and climb trees to hunt various wild insects. They spend their winter in the cracks of the tree trunk, cracks of soil and stone on the ground. During breeding season, females roll up the leaves and lay their eggs in them. After laying eggs, the female guards nearby, and rarely leave the egg bag to forage until the baby spider hatches.
Ebrechtella tricuspidata is an important predatory natural enemy of crop pests in paddy field, cotton field, orchard and vegetable plot. They can prey vegetable pests such as Plutella xylostella, fruit pests such as Aphis citricola, Hyaloptera amygdali, Erythroneura sudra and Tetranychus viennensis, cotton field pests such as Heliothis armigera and Aphis gossypii, etc.
Have you ever seen a spider that doesn't net？
文字整理：黃木嬌
海報(bào)設(shè)計(jì)：黃木嬌
英文翻譯：何雪、黃木嬌
Text: Mujiao Huang
Poster design: Mujiao Huang
English translation: He Xue, Mujiao Huang
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