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保山青華海國家濕地公園管理中心

保山市科學技術協(xié)會

聯(lián)合推出

第6期

The 6th Phase

脊椎動物.大斑啄木鳥Dendrocopos major

脊椎動物，鳥綱，啄木鳥目，啄木鳥科，被列入“三有”名錄（國家保護的有益的或者有重要經(jīng)濟、科學研究價值的陸生野生動物名錄），是我國30多種啄木鳥中最為常見的啄木鳥之一，分布廣泛，為留鳥，主要生活于林地。主要以天牛、小蠹蟲、吉丁蟲、透翅蛾以及鱗翅目幼蟲等樹干害蟲為食，在控制森林蟲害方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用，被稱為“森林醫(yī)生”。圖片攝于云南保山青華海國家濕地公園。

大斑啄木鳥是黑白相間的啄木鳥。雄鳥枕部紅色而雌鳥枕部黑色，臀部均為紅色，額、頰、耳羽和肩白色，翅膀背面有兩個特別明顯的大白斑，是典型的攀禽，對趾足，兩趾向前，兩趾向后，覓食時常從樹的中下部跳躍式地向上攀援。大斑啄木鳥身體很敦實，飛起來振翅緩慢，聲音較大，呈波浪狀。大斑啄木鳥為樹棲鳥類，鑿樹洞為巢，多在高大樹木的樹干腐朽部位、枯立木或心腐木上筑巢，而且?guī)缀趺磕甓家徸男鲁?。那舊巢怎么辦呢？可以留給那些買不起房的鳥兒呀。同時，這些舊房子也能為松鼠、爬行動物及無脊椎動物提供棲息繁殖地，所以，啄木鳥對森林的生物多樣性也大有裨益。

大斑啄木鳥就像一位杰出的“森林醫(yī)生”。它用銳利的鉤爪緊緊地抓住樹干，用那又粗又硬的尾巴來支撐身體，用鑿子般的利嘴鑿開蛀蟲的洞穴，用細長的帶有黏液和倒刺的舌頭將害蟲勾出來吃掉。一千多年前，詩人陳標稱贊道：丁丁向晚急還稀，啄遍庭槐未肯歸。終日與君除蠧害，莫嫌無事不頻飛。

啄木是啄木鳥最主要的活動之一。但啄木不僅僅是在覓食，在春天的時候它們也會通過敲擊樹干來求偶、炫技、宣誓領地。據(jù)科學研究，大斑啄木鳥敲擊的頻率最高能夠達到每秒20次，這么高的頻率，它們腦袋到底疼不疼呢？不會得腦震蕩吧？放心，它們特殊的頭部結構能起到緩沖和減震的作用。它們的頭骨很厚實，內(nèi)有海綿狀空腔，可以吸收震動。大腦比較小，周圍被致密松軟的組織包裹著，起到緩沖的作用。在敲擊樹干前的一瞬間，它們的眼睛瞬膜會快速閉上閉，防止眼球受傷。啄木軌跡是一條直線，能夠避免旋轉產(chǎn)生的剪切力，從而避免了腦震蕩。另外，啄木鳥的下喙比上喙長，撞擊的時候肌肉能夠收縮，把產(chǎn)生的力量從下面的喙轉移到身體上去，而頭部承受的很少。最特別的還是啄木鳥的舌頭，它們的舌頭很長很長，舌骨能夠在顱骨上繞一圈，像一條強力安全帶，保護著大腦。總之，啄木鳥就是一臺行走的減震機器。

啄木鳥對我們大多數(shù)人來說并不陌生，但很多人都沒有親眼見過。下次當你在公園玩耍時，如果聽到一陣“噠噠噠”敲木頭的聲音，那你可要留意了，有可能正是啄木鳥在給樹木進行外科手術呢。

The 6th Phase

Great Spotted Woodpecker

（Dendrocopos major）

Vertebrates, Aves, Piciformes, Picidae. It is included in the National List of Land Wildlife that is Beneficial or has Important Economic or Scientific Value. It is one of the most common woodpeckers among more than 30 species in China. It is widely distributed resident birds and mainly lives in forest areas. They mainly feed on tree trunk pests like longicorns, bark beetles, flat-headed borer, clearwing moth and larvae of lepidoptera. They play an important role in forest pest control and are known as "forest doctor". The photo is taken in The Qinghuahai National Wetland Park in Baoshan city, Yunnan proince.

The Great Spotted Woodpecker is a black and white woodpecker. The male bird has a red occiput, while the female bird has a black one, but all of them have red buttocks. Their forehead, cheek, ear feathers and shoulder are white, two particularly distinct large white spots are on its back wings. It is a typical climber, which has zygodactylous foot, two toes forward and two toes back, and they often jumps up from the middle and lower part of the tree for food. The great pecker is stocky and flies slowly and wavily, making a loud sound. The Great Spotted Woodpecker is an arboreal bird that pecks trees for its nest. It often builds its nest on the decayed parts of the trunk of big trees, dead or heart rot wood, and it picks new nests almost every year. What about the old nest? Save it for the birds who can't afford an apartment. These old houses also provide breeding grounds for squirrels, reptiles and invertebrates, so woodpeckers are also good for forest biodiversity.

The Great Spotted Woodpecker is like a great "forest doctor." It grasps the trunk with sharp claws, and support itself with thick, hard tail, then cut holes in the wormhole with chisel-like sharp beak, and draw out and eat the pests with long, thin tongue with mucus and barbs. More than a thousand years ago, the poet Chen Biao praised that.

Woodpecking is one of the most important activities of woodpeckers, but pecking isn't just about foraging. In spring, they also tap on tree trunks to court, show off their skills and take the territory. According to scientific research, the Great Spotted Woodpecker can hit as many as 20 times a second. At that rate, does its head hurt or not? Does it get a concussion? Don't worry, they have a special head structure to cushion and decrease shock. Their skulls are thick, with spongy cavities that decrease shock. Their brain is small, cushioned by dense, spongy tissue. At the moment before they hit the trunk, the membrana nictitans of their eyes close quickly, preventing injury. The pecking track is a straight line that avoids the shearing force of rotation, thus avoiding concussion. In addition, a woodpecker's lower bill is longer than its upper one, and its muscle contracts on impact, transferring force from the lower bill to the body, while the head bears less. The most special is the tongue of the woodpeckers, which has a very long tongue, and the hyoid is able to go around the skull, like a strong safety belt, to protect the brain. In short, a woodpecker is a shock-decreasing machine.

Woodpeckers are not new to most of us, but many of us have never seen them. Next time, when you're playing in the park and hear "tap-tap-tap" , you should pay attention, because it may be a woodpecker doing surgery on a tree.

▲ 來欣賞下正在啄木的大斑啄木鳥   圖源見水印

攝影師介紹

Introduction of the photographer

楊曉琢，保山青華海國家濕地公園管理中心工作人員，觀鳥萌新。“活了二十多年，終于見到和我外號一樣的鳥，它就是啄木鳥。”

Xiaozhuo Yang, a native of Longyang District, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, is a new birder. "Living more than 20 years, I finally see the bird with the same name as my nickname. That’s right! It is the woodpecker!"

文字整理：黃木嬌

海報設計：黃木嬌

英文翻譯：何雪、黃木嬌

Text: Mujiao Huang

Poster design: Mujiao Huang

English translation: He Xue, Mujiao Huang