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保山青華海國家濕地公園管理中心

保山市科學(xué)技術(shù)協(xié)會

聯(lián)合推出

第8期

The 8th Phase

脊椎動物.赤膀鴨 Mareca strepera

脊椎動物，鳥綱，雁形目，鴨科。被列入“三有”名錄，同時(shí)受到中國和日本政府保護(hù)候鳥及棲息環(huán)境協(xié)定的保護(hù)。赤膀鴨分布廣泛，全世界種群數(shù)量近500萬只。國內(nèi)主要在東北、西北繁殖，在長江以南大部分地區(qū)的水域越冬。赤膀鴨較少出現(xiàn)在沿海港灣，所以在有些地方不是很常見，但它們是青華海越冬水鳥的優(yōu)勢種，種群數(shù)量超過1000只。圖片攝于云南保山青華海國家濕地公園。

很多人容易把“赤膀鴨”聽成“翅膀鴨”，那是沒有看見它身上那塊棕紅色的羽毛，只要見過一次，一定不會忘記。雄性赤膀鴨翅膀上有兩塊棕紅色的部位，扇翅膀或者飛起來的時(shí)候特別明顯，游泳的時(shí)候偶爾也能見到。而雌性赤膀鴨身上并沒有這個紅棕色斑塊，而且看起來麻麻的，和其他鴨子的雌鳥看起來比較像，但它們身上有明顯的白色翼鏡，而且它們的嘴巴是整齊的上黑下黃（側(cè)面有暗色斑點(diǎn)），這兩點(diǎn)可以很好地和其他鴨子的雌鳥區(qū)別開。赤膀鴨乍看“平平無奇”，但越看越美。雄鳥喙黑色，頭淡褐色，身體大部分為銀灰色并且密布細(xì)紋，尾上和尾下覆羽黑色，非常精致。

每年11月，赤膀鴨陸續(xù)從北方來到青華海越冬?，F(xiàn)在，上千只赤膀鴨正在青華海“度假”中，也為春天北返繁殖進(jìn)行增胖與休養(yǎng)，所以常常能看到它們不是在吃，就是一動不動地睡覺（打盹）。除了繁殖期產(chǎn)卵的時(shí)候會偶爾吃一些水生小動物外，赤膀鴨幾乎是純素食主義者，喜歡吃水草。它們不像??或者潛鴨會潛水，所以它們只能一次又一次地把頭和上半身扎進(jìn)水里，屁股朝上地覓食，或者用嘴過濾浮在水面上的植物碎片和藻類食用。東湖水位較淺，而且有豐富的水生植物，如苦草、菹草、線葉眼子菜、穗狀狐尾藻、荇菜等，為赤膀鴨等越冬候鳥們提供了良好的棲息環(huán)境。盡管食物非常豐富，有時(shí)候赤膀鴨還是會非常霸道，會搶白眼潛鴨潛入水里弄上來的水草，甚至連青頭潛鴨的食物都搶撿漏，才不管你是不是世界極危鳥類。。。最強(qiáng)干飯王實(shí)錘了！

有小伙伴可能發(fā)現(xiàn)了，現(xiàn)在明明是冬天，為什么鴨子們就已經(jīng)是一對對的呢？還沒到繁殖期??？其實(shí)，很多鴨子都是冬天就已經(jīng)完成配對啦，到了夏天，它們回到繁殖地就可以繁育小寶寶啦。

The 8th Phase

Gadwall（Mareca strepera）

Vertebrates, Aves, Anseriformes, Anatidae. It is included in the National List of Land Wildlife that is Beneficial or has Important Economic or Scientific Value and protected by Agreement between China and Japan on the Protection of Migratory Birds and their Habitats. Gadwall is widely distributed and has a population of nearly 5 million worldwide. In China, they breed mainly in northeast and northwest China and overwinter in most areas of south Yangtze River, rarely in coastal harbors, so they are not very common in some places, but they are the dominant species of winter residents in Qinghuahai, with a population of over 1,000. The photo is taken in The Qinghuahai National Wetland Park in Baoshan city, Yunnan proince.

Many people tend to hear " Gadwall (red wing duck in Chinese)" as "wing duck", that is because they don’t see the brown red feathers of Gadwall. Once you see, you will never forget. Male Gadwall have two reddish brown spots on their wings, which are particularly obvious when flapping or flying,  occasionally be seen when swimming. The females do not have this reddish brown patch on their bodies, and they look brownish, which is similar to other female ducks, but they have obvious white speculum, and their bill are neatly black on the top and yellow on the bottom(there are dark spots on the sides), which can take other female ducks apart. Gadwall looks "ordinary" at first glance, but the more you see the more they look beautiful. The bill of male is black and head is light brown. Most of their body is silvery gray and covered with thin stripes, and the tail and undertail feathers are black, which looks very delicate.

Gadwall come from the north to spend winter in Qinghuahai every November. Now, thousands of Gadwall are "on vacation" in Qinghuahai, fatten up and have rest for breeding when they return north in spring, so they can often be seen either eating or sleeping motionless (taking a nap). Except occasionally eating small aquatic animals during the breeding season to lay eggs, Gadwall are almost vegan and prefer to eat aquatic plants. Unlike the Grebe or Pochard, they can't dive, so when they look for food, they dive their head,  upper body into water and put the butt out of the water, or they filter plant debris and algae floating in the water through their mouth. The water level of East Lake is relatively shallow, and there are abundant aquatic plants, such as Vallisneria natans, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton pusillus, Myriophyllum spicatum and Nymphoides peltatum etc., which provide a good habitat for the overwintering migratory birds such as Gadwall. Although the food is plentiful, sometimes the Gadwall will be very aggressive and grab the water grass which was seek out by the Ferruginous Duck by dive into the water. Moreover, they even grab the food of Baer's Pochard, ignoring that they are the Critically endangered birds of the world.

Some friends may have noticed that it is winter now, but why are ducks already in pairs? Not yet the breeding season! In fact, many ducks mate in winter, so they can breed when they return to their breeding grounds in summer.

攝影師介紹

Introduction of the photographer

黃木嬌，保山青華海國家濕地公園管理中心工作人員，北京林業(yè)大學(xué)自然保護(hù)區(qū)學(xué)碩士，北京飛羽志愿者。從2014年開始觀鳥。“觀鳥是走進(jìn)大自然的終生門票”。

Mujiao Huang, a staff of Management Center of Baoshan Qinghuahai National Wetland Park. The Master of Nature Reserve Science of Beijing Forestry University and is a volunteer of Beijing Feiyu. Starting birding in 2014. "Birding is a lifetime ticket to step into nature".

文字整理：黃木嬌

海報(bào)設(shè)計(jì)：黃木嬌

英文翻譯：何雪、黃木嬌

Text: Mujiao Huang

Poster design: Mujiao Huang

English translation: He Xue, Mujiao Huang