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中國(guó)藥用植物 - 肉蓯蓉
肉蓯蓉
肉蓯蓉 張桂徵繪
肉蓯蓉（Herba Cistanches）為我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)使用的補(bǔ)益類中藥材，《中華人民共和國(guó)藥典》收錄了列當(dāng)科肉蓯蓉屬（Cistanche）的兩種植物作為藥材的來源，分別是荒漠肉蓯蓉（C.deserticola）和管花肉蓯蓉（C. tubulosa），它們的干燥肉質(zhì)莖作為藥材使用。在內(nèi)蒙和新疆產(chǎn)區(qū)，肉蓯蓉也常被稱為“大蕓”，因其補(bǔ)益作用，民間常有“沙漠人參”的美譽(yù)。
荒漠肉蓯蓉 Cistanche deserticola
肉蓯蓉始載于《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》（東漢），在我國(guó)已有兩千多年的使用歷史。歷代本草對(duì)肉蓯蓉均有記載。傳統(tǒng)上認(rèn)為其主要功效為“補(bǔ)腎陽，益精氣，潤(rùn)腸通便。據(jù)現(xiàn)代考證，我國(guó)古代所使用的肉蓯蓉主要來源于荒漠肉蓯蓉（C. deserticola），同時(shí)列當(dāng)科的草蓯蓉(Boschniakia rossica)、列當(dāng)(Orobanche coerulescens)、鹽生肉蓯蓉(Cistanche salsa)均在不同的歷史時(shí)期被混用過。
荒漠肉蓯蓉 Cistanche deserticola
現(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)研究表明，肉蓯蓉具有保肝、免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抗疲勞、保護(hù)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、增強(qiáng)腸胃功能等作用。肉蓯蓉苯乙醇總苷及其單體毛蕊花糖苷和松果菊苷具抗肝纖維化的作用；肉蓯蓉總苷、肉蓯蓉苯乙醇苷、肉蓯蓉多糖和毛蕊花糖苷具有保護(hù)神經(jīng)作用；肉蓯蓉多糖具有抗疲勞作用；肉蓯蓉低分子糖和甘露醇具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用；肉蓯蓉多糖、松果菊苷、總寡糖、半乳糖醇可改善腸胃功能。
管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa
肉蓯蓉的兩種來源物種均為寄生植物，生于荒漠沙丘中?；哪馍惾兀–.deserticola）為我國(guó)特有種，自內(nèi)蒙古西部經(jīng)寧夏、甘肅至新疆北部分布，其宿主主要為藜科植物梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和白梭梭（H. persicum）。而管花肉蓯蓉（C. tubulosa）主要分布于新疆天山以南塔克拉瑪干沙漠周圍各縣，在中亞至西亞地區(qū)也有分布，宿主為檉柳科的檉柳(紅柳)屬植物（Tamarix spp.）。管花肉蓯蓉根據(jù)《Flora of China》記載，其正確學(xué)名為C. mongolica，然而C.tubulosa在我國(guó)沿用已久，諸多研究依然使用，本文未作改變。
荒漠肉蓯蓉 Cistanche deserticola
兩個(gè)物種區(qū)別明顯，荒漠肉蓯蓉莖的橫斷面上可見維管束成波狀排列，其莖柔韌，故藥材也稱為“軟蓯蓉”，而管花肉蓯蓉維管束在橫斷面上呈點(diǎn)狀散生，其莖較硬，藥材也稱為“硬蓯蓉”。肉蓯蓉屬植物的種子極為細(xì)小，并且具有休眠特性，當(dāng)遇到適宜環(huán)境時(shí)，在宿主植物根系分泌的刺激物作用下萌發(fā)形成類胚根狀體，在其末端形成吸器，吸器與寄主根部接觸并到達(dá)維管束，不斷從寄主身上獲取養(yǎng)分，完成寄生及生長(zhǎng)過程。
管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa
肉蓯蓉用途廣泛，根據(jù)國(guó)家處方數(shù)據(jù)庫和保健品數(shù)據(jù)庫統(tǒng)計(jì)，在中成藥中肉蓯蓉為原料的藥品有 196 種，保健品有 46 種。肉蓯蓉出口數(shù)量也在不斷擴(kuò)大，已出口到日本、韓國(guó)、東南亞地區(qū)各國(guó)及我國(guó)港澳臺(tái)市場(chǎng)等 38 個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)。逐漸擴(kuò)大的使用范圍使得野生資源量已無法滿足市場(chǎng)需求，我國(guó)已通過人工栽培不斷擴(kuò)大肉蓯蓉的產(chǎn)量，目前荒漠肉蓯蓉在內(nèi)蒙古西部，管花肉蓯蓉在新疆南部均有較大量的人工生產(chǎn)。宿主植物的大面積栽培，不僅僅為肉蓯蓉的產(chǎn)量提高了保障，而且也起到防風(fēng)固沙的作用，保護(hù)了荒漠生態(tài)環(huán)境。
Herba Cistanches
Herba Cistanches (Chinese common name as Rou Congrong or Dayun) is a traditional Chinese medicinal material for tonics. In The Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, there are two species of Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) for sources of this herb, namely C.deserticola and C. tubulosa, which dried succulent stems are used as medicinal materials. Because of its promising health benefits, the folks often have the reputation of "Desert Ginseng".
管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa
Herba Cistanches was first recorded in "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" (Eastern Han Dynasty) with more than two thousand years of use history. Subsequently it has been documented in a series of ancient herbal classics. Traditionally, its main effects are believed to treat kidney deficiency, impotence, female infertility and senile constipation. According to modern research, Herba Cistanches used in ancient China was mainly sourced from C. deserticola, and some species of Orobanchaceae had been mixed in different historical periods, such as Boschniakia rossica, Orobanche coerulescens and Cistanche salsa .
管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa
Modern pharmacological studies revealed that Herba Cistanches showed various activities such as protecting liver, immune regulation, anti-fatigue, protecting the nervous system and enhancing gastrointestinal function. Total phenylethanol glycosides of Cistanches and its monomer (verbascoside and echinacoside) have anti-hepatic fibrosis effects; Total glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, Cistanches polysaccharides and verbascoside have neuroprotective effects; Cistanches polysaccharide has anti-fatigue effect; Cistanches low molecular sugar and mannitol have immunoregulatory effect; Cistanche polysaccharide, echinacoside, total oligosaccharide and galactose can improve gastrointestinal function.
管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa
The two source species of Herba Cistanches are parasitic plants in desert. C. deserticola is an endemic species of China, distributed from western Inner Mongolia through Ningxia and Gansu to northern Xinjiang. Its hosts are mainly chenopodiaceous plants Haloxylon ammodendron and H. persicum. C. tubulosa is mainly distributed in counties around the Taklimakan Desert south of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, and is also distributed in Central Asia to West Asia. The host is Tamarix spp.( Tamaricaceae).
管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa
There are obvious differences between the two species. The vascular bundles ofC. deserticola are arranged in a wave shape on transversal surface of stem, and the medicinal material is also called "Soft Congrong " because of softer stems. The vascular bundles of C. tubulosa are scattered in dots on the cross section, and the medicinal material is also called "Hard Congrong" because of harder stems. The seeds ofCistanche spp. are extremely small with dormant characteristics. In a suitable environment, they will germinate to form radicle-like bodies under the action of the stimulus secreted by the roots of the host plant, and continuously obtain nutrients from the host by haustrum of roots ends.
管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa
Herba Cistanches has a wide range of uses. According to the statistics of the national prescription database and health care product database, there are 196 kinds of Chinese patent medicines and 46 kinds of health care products. The export volume of Herba Cistanches is also expanding, and it has been exported to 38 countries and regions including Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan of China The gradual expansion of the use of wild resources has made it impossible to meet the market demand. China has continuously expanded the production of Herba Cistanches through artificial cultivation. At present, C. deserticola in western Inner Mongolia, C. tubulosa in southern Xinjiang has a large amount of artificial production. The large-scale cultivation of host plants not only improves the yield of Herba Cistanches, but also plays a role in wind-proof and sand-fixing to protects the desert ecological environment.
專家顧問：張本剛 | 張憲春
文化顧問：張桂徵 | 張振華
攝 影：姜 勇
稿 源：齊耀東
翻 譯：齊耀東
責(zé)任編輯：孔祥瑞 ｜李?yuàn)檴?nbsp; | 楚雅南
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