【青華海生物多樣性之美】鶚:論捕魚(yú),沒(méi)有猛禽比我在行

聯(lián)合國(guó)生物多樣性大會(huì)(COP15)將于明年5月在昆明舉辦,借此契機(jī),保山青華海國(guó)家濕地公園管理中心將推出“青華海生物多樣性之美”專(zhuān)題欄目,向大家持續(xù)展示青華海野生生物的魅力。
本期的主角和濕地息息相關(guān),它就是捕魚(yú)能手-鶚(è)。
脊椎動(dòng)物.鶚 Pandion haliaetus
脊椎動(dòng)物,鳥(niǎo)綱,鷹形目,鶚科,鶚屬,國(guó)家二級(jí)重點(diǎn)保護(hù)鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)。全球廣布,在中國(guó)所有省份均有分布。鶚在我國(guó)東北繁殖,在中國(guó)東部和東南部廣大區(qū)域越冬。圖片攝于云南保山青華海國(guó)家濕地公園。
鶚被公認(rèn)為最會(huì)捕魚(yú)的猛禽,同時(shí)鶚也是唯一一種入水捕魚(yú)的猛禽,也叫魚(yú)鷹。魚(yú)是它們的主食,而且它們幾乎只吃活魚(yú)。它們通常在淺水覓食,因?yàn)闇\水魚(yú)類(lèi)通常最多,也最容易獲得。捕魚(yú)時(shí),鶚在突然下降前會(huì)懸停在湖面上,翅膀半收攏,以捕捉接近水面的魚(yú)類(lèi)。懸停時(shí),高度通常相當(dāng)高,通過(guò)一系列短的停頓逐級(jí)下降,快速伸展腳爪俯沖至水中捕魚(yú)??梢苑崔D(zhuǎn)的外趾以及趾底和跗趾后緣演化出類(lèi)似銼刀的刺突,能夠讓它們緊緊地抓住滑溜的魚(yú)。它們通常不會(huì)掠奪別人的食物,但可能會(huì)被其他猛禽甚至是鷺搶走獵物。
鶚是最好認(rèn)的猛禽之一,首先,它體型較大(雙翼展開(kāi)可以達(dá)到1.5-1.8米),屬于中型猛禽,而且通常盤(pán)旋、繞圈于水域上空,捕食魚(yú)類(lèi)。從外觀上看,鶚背部為深褐色,胸部和腹部大部分為白色,翼下有個(gè)白色的倒置大三角,頭頂白色,有較寬的深褐色的貫眼紋。雌鳥(niǎo)比雄鳥(niǎo)平均體型更大,而且胸帶更加明顯。飛行的時(shí)候,鶚的雙翅是彎曲的,呈明顯的“M”字形,可以很好地和其他猛禽區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。
鶚?lè)植己軓V泛,棲息和活動(dòng)于湖泊、河流、海岸等水域地帶,只要是魚(yú)類(lèi)資源豐富的水域,到處都有它們的身影。鶚在我國(guó)東北繁殖,是夏候鳥(niǎo),在中國(guó)東部和東南部廣大區(qū)域越冬。在北部筑巢,在赤道以南過(guò)冬的鶚在15到20年的生命周期中可以飛行20多萬(wàn)公里。
主要棲息在樹(shù)木或電線桿等顯眼的位置,在樹(shù)頂、懸崖和峭壁等地方筑巢,但現(xiàn)在也有很多在人工建筑上筑巢。在美國(guó),由于殺蟲(chóng)劑的使用,鶚的種群數(shù)量一度顯著下降,后來(lái)由于《寂靜的春天》等書(shū)籍的出版以及相關(guān)的研究,禁止使用這種持久性殺蟲(chóng)劑之后,鶚的種群數(shù)量迅速恢復(fù),這可以說(shuō)是物種保護(hù)的成功例子。
The 2021 UN BIODICERSITY CONFERENCE (COP15) will be held in Kunming next May. With this opportunity, the Management Center of Baoshan Qinghuahai National Wetland Park will issue the series of “The Beauty of Biodiversity in Qinghuahai” to show the wildlife in Qinghuahai.
The protagonist of this issue is closely related to wetlands. It is master fisherman - the Osprey.
Osprey ( Pandion haliaetus )
Vertebrate, Aves, Accipitriformes, Pandionidae, Pandion. The second protected wild bird of national importance. It is widely distributed all over the world and in all provinces of China. The photo is taken in The Qinghuahai National Wetland Park in Baoshan city, Yunnan province.
Osprey is recognized as the best raptor of taking fish, and they are the only raptor that catch fish in the water. Fish are their main food and they eat almost only live fish. They usually foraging in shallow water, where fish are the most plentiful and most available. When fishing, the Osprey often hovers over the surface of the lake before a sudden descent with wings half furled in order to catch fish close to the water surface. They usually hover quite high, using a series of short pauses to descent and then quickly extending their claws and diving into the water to catch fish. The reversible outer toes, and spiculate soles allow them to tightly catch slippery fish. They usually don’t plunder food, but their food may be plundered by other raptors or even herons (Ardeidae).
Osprey is one of the most recognizable raptors. They are medium-sized raptor, with large wings that can stretch to 1.5-1.8 metres, and they often hovers and loops over the water to catch fish. From the looks of it, the Osprey has dark brown back, and their chest and abdomen are mostly white. With a large white inverted triangle under the wing, it also have white head and a broad dark brown line across the eyes. Females are larger on average than males and have fuller, darker breast-bands (speckling). In flight, the Osprey's wings are curved in a distinctive "M" shape, which can be well distinguished from other raptors.
Osprey is widely distributed, lakes, rivers, coastal waters, where fish are abundant, there you can find them. Osprey breed in the northeast China in summer and wintering in the east and southeast. An Osprey nesting in a northern region and overwintering south of the equator might fly more than 200,000 kilometers during its 15 to 20-year lifetime.
They mainly inhabit in trees or prominent positions such as telephone poles, and nest on the top of the tree, cliffs and crags, etc, but now many of them also nest on the artificial structures. In the United States, because of the use of pesticides, the populations of Osprey once declined dramatically. With the publication of Silent Spring and studies of Osprey, persistent pesticides were forbidden to use, then the populations of Osprey recovered rapidly. This can be said a successful example of conservation.
攝影師介紹
Introduction of the photographer

匡琳,云南省保山市隆陽(yáng)區(qū)人,生態(tài)攝影師,愛(ài)鳥(niǎo)拍鳥(niǎo)賞鳥(niǎo),隨著鳥(niǎo)兒的遷徙路線在大地上丈量著自己的足跡。
KuangLin, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, Ecological photographer, love birds,photographing and watching birds. Leave footprints on the earth by following the birds' migration route.
文字整理:黃木嬌
海報(bào)設(shè)計(jì):黃木嬌
英文翻譯:何雪、黃木嬌
Text: Mujiao Huang
Poster design: Mujiao Huang
English translation: He Xue, Mujiao Huang

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