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中國(guó)藥用植物 - 《本草綱目》
《本草綱目》
《本草綱目》刊印成書(shū)是在中國(guó)明代萬(wàn)歷二十四（1596）年，作者是李時(shí)珍（1518 - 1593），他在生命晚期還在病榻上親自?？睍?shū)稿，最后全部刊印成書(shū)他生前未能看到。這是一部對(duì)人類(lèi)生存發(fā)展、健康幸福作出突出貢獻(xiàn)的醫(yī)藥學(xué)巨著，在世界醫(yī)藥學(xué)領(lǐng)域影響深遠(yuǎn)。這部著作是李時(shí)珍畢生心血的結(jié)晶，也包含著他子孫和學(xué)生的辛勤工作。為保證內(nèi)容翔實(shí)可靠，他親自考察，行程萬(wàn)里，博覽群書(shū)，辨疑勘誤，該書(shū)總計(jì)引用古籍超 800 部，收載藥物 1892 種，同時(shí)還有藥物插圖 1000 余幅，藥方 10000 余個(gè)，不僅為中國(guó)藥物學(xué)的發(fā)展作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)，而且對(duì)世界醫(yī)藥學(xué)、植物學(xué)、動(dòng)物學(xué)、礦物學(xué)、化學(xué)的發(fā)展也產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響，在中國(guó)家喻戶曉。出版后還被譯成日、法、德、英、拉丁、俄、朝鮮等 10 余種文字在國(guó)外出版，廣泛傳播，被達(dá)爾文稱(chēng)為 “中國(guó)古代的百科全書(shū)”，2011 年入選《世界記憶名錄》。
本文帶您了解《本草綱目》的作者李時(shí)珍，書(shū)名《本草綱目》是什么意思？書(shū)里寫(xiě)了什么？又因何而偉大？
01作者簡(jiǎn)介
李時(shí)珍，字東璧，晚年自號(hào)瀕湖山人，湖北蘄春縣蘄州鎮(zhèn)東長(zhǎng)街之瓦屑?jí)危ń癫┦拷郑┤?，明代著名醫(yī)藥學(xué)家。后為楚王府奉祠正、皇家太醫(yī)院判，去世后明朝廷敕封為 “文林郎”。
自 1565 年起，李時(shí)珍先后到武當(dāng)山、廬山、茅山、牛首山及湖廣、安徽、河南、河北等地收集藥物標(biāo)本和處方，并拜漁人、樵夫、藥工、捕蛇者等為師，記錄上千萬(wàn)字札記，弄清許多疑難問(wèn)題，歷經(jīng) 27 個(gè)寒暑，三易其稿，完成了 192 萬(wàn)字的巨著《本草綱目》，此外對(duì)脈學(xué)及奇經(jīng)八脈也有研究，著述有《奇經(jīng)八脈考》《瀕湖脈學(xué)》等多種。
李時(shí)珍畫(huà)像
02書(shū)名為什么叫《本草綱目》？
“本草” --自古以來(lái)，人們用來(lái)治療疾病的藥物有很多，包括了植物、動(dòng)物和礦物，其中以植物里的根類(lèi)、草類(lèi)最多，在古漢語(yǔ)里，“本” 是 “根” 的意思，所以古人就用 “本草” 二字來(lái)代表藥物。
“綱目” --“綱” 的原意指漁網(wǎng)上提網(wǎng)的總繩，“目” 是漁網(wǎng)上的網(wǎng)眼，抓住了總繩，就能控制好網(wǎng)眼，所以古人常用 “綱舉目張” 來(lái)形容做事能抓住關(guān)鍵、條理分明，并把綱目的概念用到書(shū)籍撰寫(xiě)上，形成了 “綱目體”，成為中國(guó)志書(shū)編纂的一種傳統(tǒng)形式。具體結(jié)構(gòu)是先設(shè)總綱，或稱(chēng)大類(lèi)，各綱之下再設(shè)細(xì)目，目以綱舉，以綱統(tǒng)目，目下再設(shè)子目。
所以 “本草綱目” 的字面意思就是以綱目體例撰寫(xiě)的藥物書(shū)籍。王世貞為《本草綱目》寫(xiě)的序言中說(shuō)得更明白：“每藥標(biāo)正名為綱，附釋名為目”。所謂目隨綱舉，因此叫作《本草綱目》。
03《本草綱目》寫(xiě)了什么？
《本草綱目》共計(jì) 52 卷，本質(zhì)上是以綱目體例撰寫(xiě)的藥物學(xué)大辭典。
第一、二卷為 “序例”，內(nèi)容主要為中醫(yī)理解藥物的性能，使用原則和方法。是以《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》中的理論內(nèi)容為基礎(chǔ)，追加不同時(shí)代學(xué)者及他本人的觀點(diǎn)，再將后世發(fā)揮的其他理論加入。
第三、四卷為 “百病主治”，以病名為綱，以辨證用藥為目，把藥物按其性能和主治進(jìn)行分類(lèi)，為醫(yī)者臨床辨證選藥提供了方便，同時(shí)也體現(xiàn)了辨證論治的精神。
第五卷至五十二卷：逐一介紹共計(jì) 1892 味藥材。
每味藥材分別記錄如下內(nèi)容：
【釋名】羅列各種異名，解釋名字的由來(lái)
【集解】描述形態(tài)、產(chǎn)地、栽培、采集時(shí)間與方法
【辯疑】【正誤】糾正前人的錯(cuò)誤
【修治】如何炮制和保存藥物
【氣味】藥物的性質(zhì)
【主治】列舉能醫(yī)治的主要病癥
【發(fā)明】闡明治病機(jī)理，記述前人及自己的用藥心得
【附方】介紹怎么用，輯錄以該藥物為主的各種驗(yàn)方
【附錄】形態(tài)上或藥效上相近而卻不能確認(rèn)的藥物
04《本草綱目》因何偉大？
《本草綱目》之前重要的本草學(xué)著作：
*《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》：中國(guó)古代本草的核心著作，載藥 365 種。
*《本草經(jīng)集注》：總結(jié)漢朝至魏晉時(shí)期本草知識(shí)的書(shū)籍，載藥 730 種。
*《唐本草》：世界第一部由國(guó)家頒布的用藥法典，首次出現(xiàn)藥圖，載藥 884 種。
*《本草拾遺》：唐代一部以不厭詳悉、廣泛收集為特色的書(shū)，載藥 1576 種。
*《開(kāi)寶本草》：宋代官修本草，為我國(guó)第一部雕版印刷的本草書(shū)籍，載藥 963 種。
*《嘉佑補(bǔ)注本草》：宋代官修本草，載藥 1082 種。
*《圖經(jīng)本草》：作為《嘉佑補(bǔ)注本草》的補(bǔ)充，匯集各地所產(chǎn)藥圖而成，為我國(guó)第一部雕版印刷的藥物圖譜，載藥 635 種，繪圖 933 幅。
*《證類(lèi)本草》：宋徽宗時(shí)期，載藥 1558 種。
在《本草綱目》還未出現(xiàn)時(shí)，由北宋民間醫(yī)生唐慎微撰寫(xiě)的《證類(lèi)本草》已經(jīng)在中國(guó)流行了 500 年。《證類(lèi)本草》創(chuàng)造性地采用了方藥對(duì)照和圖文對(duì)照的形式，不僅將宋代官修本草著作進(jìn)行了合并，并且輯錄了大量宋代以前的重要醫(yī)藥著作，被宋朝政府修訂成為了國(guó)家級(jí)的用藥法典。李時(shí)珍稱(chēng)贊：“使諸家本草及各藥單方，垂之千古，不致淪沒(méi)者，皆其功也”。并將其作為《本草綱目》的寫(xiě)作藍(lán)本，也成為《本草綱目》成就偉大需要超越的著作。
偉大的原因1：看清古今，定位未來(lái)，廣泛收羅
古代大部分本草著作都傾向于只收錄經(jīng)典、常用的藥物知識(shí)，不收錄偏僻、少用的知識(shí)，而李時(shí)珍卻認(rèn)為都應(yīng)該收錄，因?yàn)榭磫?wèn)題不應(yīng)該僅限于當(dāng)時(shí)，還要看過(guò)去和未來(lái)，現(xiàn)在用的藥物古代并不一定用，未來(lái)不一定還繼續(xù)用，現(xiàn)在偏僻的藥，未來(lái)就也可能成為重要的藥。所以李時(shí)珍在《本草綱目》中引用的書(shū)籍不僅包括了 276 部古代的本草書(shū)籍，還對(duì) 591 部非藥物書(shū)籍的內(nèi)容也進(jìn)行了盡量的核查引用，其中 440 部都是李時(shí)珍首次引用，新增加藥物 347 種，字?jǐn)?shù)更是遠(yuǎn)超了《證類(lèi)本草》。
《本草綱目》還不僅是一部藥物書(shū)籍，也是一部博物書(shū)籍，內(nèi)有天文學(xué)、地理學(xué)、史學(xué)、礦物學(xué)、生物學(xué)、化學(xué)等內(nèi)容。為后人的研究提供了豐富的資料，難怪被達(dá)爾文稱(chēng)為 “中國(guó)古代的百科全書(shū)”。
三七是最好的見(jiàn)證
在明朝末期，三七剛剛被人們發(fā)現(xiàn)可用于軍人創(chuàng)傷的恢復(fù)，按照其他著作的慣例是不會(huì)被收錄的，但李時(shí)珍按照自己的原則，把三七收錄到了《本草綱目》中。他并不知道在 500 年后的今天，三七已經(jīng)成為了治療心血管疾病的常用藥物。這充分說(shuō)明了《本草綱目》在撰寫(xiě)時(shí)廣泛收羅的正確性。
偉大的原因2：敢于說(shuō)出自己的觀點(diǎn)
《證類(lèi)本草》嚴(yán)格摘錄其他書(shū)籍的內(nèi)容，并按照時(shí)間順序排列，卻對(duì)內(nèi)容沒(méi)有任何闡述，更沒(méi)有自己的觀點(diǎn)。《本草綱目》卻不同，李時(shí)珍在書(shū)中說(shuō)出了自己的原則：“復(fù)者芟之，闕者輯之，訛者繩之”。意思就是要將重復(fù)的刪去，缺少的補(bǔ)充，錯(cuò)誤的改正。敢于把自己經(jīng)過(guò)分析得到的觀點(diǎn)寫(xiě)進(jìn)去，還介紹了很多自己及父親治病用藥的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威人士
東晉有名的道家學(xué)派高人葛洪，在《抱樸子》中說(shuō)吃了水銀可以成仙，把蜘蛛和其他幾種藥一起吃了，人就能站在水上不會(huì)掉下去。李時(shí)珍敢于說(shuō)出這些內(nèi)容“不足信”。
不迷信經(jīng)典
《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》上將澤瀉列為上品，認(rèn)為長(zhǎng)期吃可以讓身體輕，能在水上走。陶弘景、蘇頌都認(rèn)同，但李時(shí)珍認(rèn)為 “安有此神功耶？其謬可知”。
狗脊是一種具有鎮(zhèn)痛、利尿及強(qiáng)壯功能的蕨類(lèi)藥用植物，古人往往分不清與菝葜、萆薢的來(lái)源。李時(shí)珍從植物特征分析，認(rèn)為狗脊 “似大葉蕨，比貫眾葉有齒”，與陶弘景所說(shuō)莖上帶刺，葉圓形的百合科植物不同。
偉大的原因3：創(chuàng)新分類(lèi)方法，解決難題
難題--藥物太多，前人的分類(lèi)方法存在不足，難以參照。
古代大部分本草書(shū)籍都是混合使用三品分類(lèi)法、自然屬性分類(lèi)法和功效分類(lèi)法?！蹲C類(lèi)本草》就是這樣，把藥物按照來(lái)源屬性分成了 10 部后，由于草類(lèi)太多，又把草類(lèi)分為上、中、下三類(lèi)。對(duì)于最末級(jí)的藥物的排序，主要是按照醫(yī)生的使用習(xí)慣，用得多的排到前面。然而，由于劃分的類(lèi)別較少，難以概括所有的同類(lèi)藥物，導(dǎo)致很多歸類(lèi)不正確，比如雨水和灶心土等被歸到了玉石類(lèi)，蛇、龜?shù)扰佬袆?dòng)物被歸入了蟲(chóng)魚(yú)類(lèi)。并且，過(guò)去這些方法不管怎么組合，相鄰兩個(gè)藥物之間都沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。
三品分類(lèi)法：最早見(jiàn)于《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》，把藥物按照有毒與否，能否久服，分為上、中、下三品。上品，多為補(bǔ)養(yǎng)藥，可以長(zhǎng)期吃；中品多為驅(qū)邪治病，兼有補(bǔ)養(yǎng)作用，有的有毒，有的無(wú)毒，斟酌其宜；下品多屬攻邪治病之藥，毒性較大，多用于急癥，不可久服。
自然屬性分類(lèi)法：是按照藥物來(lái)源屬性進(jìn)行分類(lèi)，最早見(jiàn)于魏晉時(shí)期的《吳普本草》，把藥物分為六類(lèi)。發(fā)展至《證類(lèi)本草》中，人們已總結(jié)出了十類(lèi)自然屬性的藥物，包括玉石、草、木、人、獸、禽、蟲(chóng)魚(yú)、果、米谷、菜。這顯然在藥物越來(lái)越多時(shí)，更有利于查找。
功效分類(lèi)法：是按照藥物主要治療什么病癥進(jìn)行分類(lèi)。
《本草綱目》解決難題的辦法：
--物以類(lèi)聚、目隨綱舉、析族區(qū)類(lèi)
將 1892 種藥物歸入了 16 部 60 類(lèi)中，分類(lèi)遠(yuǎn)多于《證類(lèi)本草》中的 10 部 30 類(lèi)。比如數(shù)量較多的草部，分為了山草、芳草、濕草、毒草等 10 類(lèi)，人們?nèi)菀讖念?lèi)別名稱(chēng)就可以大致了解藥物的生長(zhǎng)特性，比如芳草就是指具有芳香氣味的本草。
除了更多的分類(lèi)，順序的變化更是創(chuàng)舉，從無(wú)機(jī)物到有機(jī)物，從植物到動(dòng)物，從低等動(dòng)物最終到高等動(dòng)物 “人” ，這一順序和近現(xiàn)代的生物分類(lèi)方法不謀而合。
水、火、土、金石——無(wú)機(jī)物
草、谷、菜、果、木——植物
蟲(chóng)、鱗、介、禽、獸、人——動(dòng)物
在最末級(jí)的藥物排序處理上，李時(shí)珍開(kāi)創(chuàng)性的提出了 “析族區(qū)類(lèi)” 的分類(lèi)原則，按照他認(rèn)為具有相似屬性的物種放到一起，比如將菊花、艾葉和青蒿排列在相近的位置，將同樣會(huì)流出汁液的大戟、澤漆、甘遂和續(xù)隨子排到一起，經(jīng)過(guò)現(xiàn)代植物分類(lèi)學(xué)證實(shí)，這些都是屬于親緣關(guān)系相近的植物。這一創(chuàng)舉不僅為《本草綱目》內(nèi)容的查找提供了方便，其前衛(wèi)的自然分類(lèi)方法，比西方植物學(xué)家林奈的自然分類(lèi)法早出了 200 余年，對(duì)后世的科學(xué)研究產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
偉大的原因4：推動(dòng)了其他學(xué)科的發(fā)展
植物學(xué)研究：《本草綱目》記載了 1000 余種植物，不僅收集了前人的記載,還記錄采集標(biāo)本，對(duì)植物的產(chǎn)地、生境、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育特征、栽培、采收的方法等內(nèi)容，為后人植物學(xué)研究提供了豐富的資料。
動(dòng)物學(xué)研究：《本草綱目》記載了 400 余種動(dòng)物，描述了許多動(dòng)物的形態(tài)、生理特征、繁殖情況及病癥等，對(duì)我國(guó)乃至世界的動(dòng)物學(xué)研究做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。
礦物學(xué)：《本草綱目》記載礦物類(lèi)藥物 100 余種，記載了這些藥物的產(chǎn)地、種類(lèi)、特性、理化性質(zhì)、開(kāi)采、冶煉提煉方法、性味、功效等。并且還記載了重要金屬礦產(chǎn)的分布地域以及找礦的方法，為礦物學(xué)研究提供了寶貴的資料。
當(dāng)然除了在以上自然科學(xué)界的貢獻(xiàn)，如同前面介紹的，在化學(xué)、物理學(xué)等方面也是貢獻(xiàn)突出。
文化貢獻(xiàn)：《本草綱目》說(shuō)明藥物產(chǎn)地、性味、主治的特點(diǎn)，經(jīng)常引用名家詩(shī)文，記載了我國(guó)古代詠藥詩(shī)的文化特色。另外，書(shū)中還記載了大量民俗、宗教等文化內(nèi)容。為后人研究古代文化提供了豐富的資料。
李時(shí)珍以《本草綱目》這部巨著為人類(lèi)做出了偉大的貢獻(xiàn)，深受后世尊敬，被后人稱(chēng)作 “醫(yī)中之圣”。人們對(duì)《本草綱目》的研究至今還在進(jìn)行。
荷花 Nelumbo nucifera
Compendium of Materia Medica
Compendium of Materia Medica was published in the 24th year of Wanli (1596) in the Ming Dynasty in China. The author is Li Shizhen (1518-1593). He was still revising the manuscripts himself with illness in his later days. It seemed that he could not see it during his lifetime. By the end, it was all published as a series book after his life. The book was a medicinal masterpiece that has made outstanding contributions to human survival and development, health and happiness. It had far-reaching influence in the field of word medicine. This book was the culmination of Li Shizhen's life long hard working, and also the knowledge of his descendants and students. In order to ensure that the content was accurate and reliable, he inspected personally, traveled thousands of miles, read abundant books, discerned and corrected errors, and made reference of more than 800 titles of ancient books. The book recorded 1892 kinds of medicines, with more than 1,000 illustrations, and more than 10,000 prescriptions. It not only made a significant contribution to the development of Chinese pharmacology, but also had a profound influence on the development of world medicine, botany, zoology, mineralogy and chemistry. It was well-known in China and abroad after its publication, and was translated into more than ten languages including Latin, Japanese, French, German, Italy, English, Russian, Korean, etc. The book was published abroad and disseminated widely. It was known as Flora Sinensis and was called ‘Encyclopedia of Ancient China’ by Darwin. In 2011, it was selected into the Memory of the World Register.
This article will take you to know Li Shizhen, the author of Compendium of Materia Medica. What did the title of Compendium of Materia Medica mean? What was written in the book? Why was it great?
01About the author
Li Shizhen, style name Dongbi, literary name Linhushanren in his later years. He lived in Waxieba (now Doctor Street) in Dongchang Street, Qizhou Town, Qichun County, Hubei Province. He was a famous medical scientist in Ming Dynasty. Later, he was honored as the head of the temple of Chu Wang Fu and the judge of the Royal Hospital. After his death, he was named ‘Wen Lin Lang’ by the Ming court.
Since 1565, Li Shizhen had been to Wudang Mountain, Lushan Mountain, Maoshan Mountain, Niushou Mountain and Huguang, Anhui, Henan, Hebei and other places to collect drug specimens and prescriptions. He learned from fishermen, woodcutters, pharmacists, snake catchers, etc. He recorded tens of millions of words in notes, clarified many difficult questions. After 27 years compilation, he revised the manuscript three times and then completedCompendium of Materia Medica with 1.92 million words. In addition, he had also studied pulse theory and Eight Extraordinary Meridians. He had written many books such as the The Study of Eight Extraordinary Meridians and Linghu Sphygmology.
草珊瑚 Sarcandra glabra
02Why was the book called
Compendiumof Materia Medica?
Bencao - Since ancient times, people have used many drugs to treat diseases, including plants, animals, and minerals. Among them, the roots and grasses are the most common used plant materials. In ancient Chinese, ‘Ben’ means ‘Root’. So the ancients used the word ‘Bencao’ to represent herb medicine (materia medica).
Gangmu - The original meaning of ‘Gang’ refers to the main rope of the fishing net. ‘Mu’ is the mesh on the fishing net. The mesh can be controlled well by grasping the main rope. Therefore, the ancients often used ‘Gang Ju Mu Zhang’ to describe the ability of grasping the key points and being organized. The concept of the outline was applied to the writing of books, forming the ‘Outline Style’, which has become a traditional form of Chinese chronicle compilation. The specific structure is to first set up a general outline, or general category, and then set up detailed items under each outline, the items are lifted by the outline, the items are controlled by the outline, and then sub-items are set up under the items.
Therefore, the literal meaning of ‘Compendium of Materia Medica’ is a drug book written in a general style. Wang Shizhen’s preface for Compendium of Materia Medica made it clearer: The correct name of each drug label was the ‘Gang’, and the appendix was called the ‘Mu’. Since item always followed the outline, it was called Bencao Gangmu in Chinese，Compendium of Materia Medica in English.
紫金龍 Dactylicapnos scandens
03What is written in
Compendium of Materia Medica?
Compendium of Materia Medica consisted of 52 volumes, which was essentially a dictionary of pharmacology written in the style of the outline.
The first and second volumes were ‘Prefaces’. The content was mainly about understandings of the properties of medicines, principles and methods of using medicines by Chinese medicine practitioners. It was based on the theoretical content of Shennong's Classic of Material Medica, adding the views of scholars from different eras and his own, and other theories developed by later generations.
獨(dú)蒜蘭 Pleione bulbocodioides
The third and fourth volumes were ‘Indications for all diseases’, with the name of the disease as the outline, and dialectical medicine using as the item. The medicines were classified according to their properties and indications, which provided convenience for doctors in choosing drugs based on clinical syndromes. It also reflected the spirit of treatment according to syndrome differentiation.
Volume 5 to Volume 52: Introduced a total of 1892 medicinal materials one by one.
04Why is Compendium of Materia Medicagreat?
Reasons for Great 1:
Being aware of the past and the present
clearly,locating the future and collecting
extensively
Most of the ancient Chinese herbal works tended to include only knowledge of classic and common medicine, not remote and rare ones. However, Li Shizhen believed that all of them should be included, and should not be limited to the time, but also the past and the future. The medicine used today was not necessarily used in ancient times, and may might not be used in the future. The medicine that was remote and rare now might become an important medicine in the future. Therefore, Li Shizhen not only made reference of 276 ancient herbal books, but also checked and quoted the contents of 591 non-medicinal books as much as possible. Among them, 440 books were cited for the first time by Li Shizhen. There were 347 types of new drug added, and the number of words far exceeded that of Classified Materia Medica.
Compendium of Materia Medica was not only a medicinal book, but also a natural history book, containing knowledge of astronomy, geography, history, mineralogy, biology, chemistry, etc. It provided abundant information for generations to research. No wonder Darwin called it the ‘Encyclopedia of Ancient China’.
白及 Bletilla striat
Reasons for Great 2:
Daring to speak his own opinions
Classified Materia Medica strictly extracted the content of other books and arranged them in chronological order, but did not elaborate on the contents and without the opinions of the author. Compendium of Materia Medica was different. Li Shizhen stated his principles clearly in the book: "The reverted will confuse it, the fault will compile it, and the wrong will be brought to justice." It means deleting duplicates, supplying missing, and correcting mistakes. He dared to write the opinions obtained through analysis, and introduced a lot of his and his father's experience in treating diseases and using medicine.
Reasons for Great 3:
Innovating classification methods and solving difficult problems
The problem there were too many drugs, and the previous classification methods were insufficient and difficult to refer to.
Most ancient herbal books used a mixture of classifications, the three-grade classification, the natural attribute classification and the efficacy classification. Classified Materia Medica was like this. After dividing the medicine into 10 parts according to the source attribute, the herbs were divided into three categories (upper, middle and lower) because there were too many kinds of herbs. The order of the last-level drugs was mainly based on the doctor's usage habits and the often used drugs were ranked first. However, due to the small number of categories, it was difficult to summarize all similar drugs, resulting in many incorrect classifications. For example, rainwater and stove heart soil were classified as jade, and reptiles such as snakes and turtles were classified as insects and fish. Moreover, in the past, no matter how these methods were combined, there was no connection between two adjacent drugs.
流蘇石斛 Dendrobium fimbriatum
Methods of Compendium of Materia Medica to solve difficult problems-gathering things by category, listing according to the outline, analysing of ethnicity.
1892 kinds of drugs were classified into 60 types of 16 categories, which were far more than the 30 types of 10 categories in Classified Materia Medica. For example, grass was divided into 10 categories such as mountain grass, fragrant grass, wet grass, and poisonous grass. People could easily understand the growth characteristics of medicines from the category names. For example, fragrant grass refered to the herbal medicine with aromatic smell.
In addition to more classification categories, the change of order was a pioneering work. From inorganic to organic, plant to animal and the natural evolution process from lower animal to higher animal and human, they all coincided with modern biological evolution theory.
Water, fire, earth, gold and stone-inorganic matter
Grass, grain, vegetable, fruit, wood-plants
Insects, scales, mediums, birds, beasts, humans-animals
In the lowest grade, Li Shizhen pioneered the classification principle of ‘analysis of ethnic groups’. He grouped them together according to what he believed to have similar attributes, such as arranging chrysanthemum, mugwort and Artemisia annua in close position and also putting together euphorbia, wartwort, lathyrism and kansui because they shed juice. Modern plant taxonomy had confirmed that these are all closely related plants. This pioneering work provided convenience for searching the contents of Compendium of Materia Medica. Its avant-garde natural classification method was more than 200 years earlier than the natural classification method of the western botanist Linnaeus, and had a huge impact on the scientific research of later generations.
廣東石斛 Dendrobium wilsonii
Reasons for Great 4:
Promoting the development of other disciplines
Botanical research: Compendium of Materia Medica recorded more than 1,000 kinds of plants. It not only collected records from predecessors, but also recorded specimens collected, including the plant's origin, habitat, growth characteristics, cultivation and harvesting methods, etc. It provided abundant information for future generations of botanical research.
Zoological research: The Compendium of Materia Medica recorded more than 400 animals, describing the morphology, physiological characteristics, reproductive conditions and diseases of many animals. It has made great contributions to zoology research in our country and the world.
Mineralogy:Compendium of Materia Medica recorded more than one hundred kinds of mineral drugs, including the origin, types, characteristics, physical and chemical properties, mining, smelting and refining methods, properties, flavors, and efficacy of these drugs. It also recorded the distribution area of important metal minerals and the methods of prospecting, which provided valuable data for mineralogical research.
Of course, in addition to the contributions to the natural science mentioned above, as mentioned earlier, there were also outstanding contributions in chemistry and physics.
Cultural contribution: Compendium of Materia Medica described the characteristics of the origin, taste and indications of the medicine. It often quoted famous poems and recorded the cultural characteristics of ancient medicine poems in our country. In addition, the book also recorded a lot of cultural contents such as folk customs and religion. It provided abundant materials for future generations to study ancient culture.
Li Shizhen made a great contribution to mankind with the masterpiece Compendium of Materia Medica. He was respected by later generations and was called ‘the saint of medicine’. The research on Compendium of Materia Medica is still going on.
牡丹 Paeonia suffruticosa
稿 源：王秋玲
專(zhuān)家顧問(wèn)：張本剛 | 張憲春 | 宋經(jīng)元 | 齊耀東
文化顧問(wèn)：張桂徵 | 張振華
翻 譯：王秋玲 | 李 鉞
攝 影：黃云峰 | 劉 演
責(zé)任編輯：李?yuàn)檴?nbsp; | 楚雅南
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